Rework Systems
Sustainable
SMT/BGA Repair.
Maintaining Added Value with Professional Rework of Electronic Assemblies on Ersa Rework Stations
A lot of time, money, material and expertise are used in electronics production. This makes the ability to professionally rework assemblies with Ersa rework systems all the more important in order to sustainably secure this added value.
A high level of expertise and state-of-the-art equipment are necessary to carry out prototyping and rework work professionally. The right rework system must have the appropriate technologies to ensure efficient, successful processing.
Selective Rework of SMD Components
The term rework refers to the combination of all sub-processes to selectively install or replace individual SMT components of an assembly. First, an SMD component is desoldered from the assembly. Then the residual solder is removed and the assembly is prepared to install a new component. This is followed by precise placement and soldering of the new component. The processing of almost all SMD component shapes is possible here. The goal of rework or sample production: Produce products that are equal in quality to those produced in series.
Why Rework? The reasons for rework on electronic assemblies are as varied as the electronics themselves. The following causes occur frequently:
- There is a defect in the component
- The wrong component has been assembled
- The component was assembled in the wrong orientation
- A component has been soldered badly (bridges, open solder joints etc.)
- A component has been programmed incorrectly
- A component is saved for reuse (recycling)
- A change is made to the assembly (redesign)
- Assembly is built up as a sample and one or more components are reassembled (prototyping)
- Tests are carried out on the assembly, e.g. cross-exchange (testing)
- Data of a component from a defective assembly must be saved (forensics)
In all cases, the aim of the rework is to obtain a functional and reliable assembly at the end. In addition, the motivation to reduce the amount of electronic waste arises in the sense of sustainable management.
Strong Features for Rework: desoldering and heating
Desolder component
To desolder a component, the system follows a temperature profile guided by a sensor. Top emitters and IR bottom heating provide the necessary energy for this. The target component is automatically lifted off the board with a vacuum pipette when the solder is liquid. For optimal heating, the entire assembly must be considered: Neighboring components are just as relevant for process control as the assembly on the underside of the board.
Hybrid Top Emitter
The hybrid heaters of the heating heads consist of highly efficient, medium-wave infrared emitters and heat the target component gently and homogeneously. The radiation spectrum is characterized by very good absorption by components and board materials. Very small temperature differences (delta T) occur and thus hardly any thermal stresses in the joining partners. The additional convection component heats the components even faster and in a more targeted manner.
IR Preheating
The infrared bottom heating is used to preheat the circuit board as homogeneously as possible over the entire surface and is a core component of every hybrid rework system. Preheating the board over a large area is particularly important for larger assemblies in order to minimize warpage and deflection. Particluar zones of the bottom heating can be set individually and thus adapted to the PCB and the components. Even “hot spots”, where the heat input is specifically directed to one area, or cold zones to protect the PCB or components can be defined. Added to this is a coherent board fixture concept with effective PCB support.
Highlights/Options
- Sensor guided soldering process
- Efficient energy input with IR and hot air heating
- Homogeneous preheating from below
- No component specific nozzles necessary
- Nozzle plates and center supports available
Remove Residual Solder
An important step before installing a new component is to remove any remaining solder on the solder terminals. A suitable soldering tool with a suitable soldering tip can be used for this purpose. If the assembly is to be cleaned of solder without contact, hot gas modules are used. A manual or an automatic module for residual solder removal can be adapted to the Ersa rework systems – e.g. HR 600 XL.
Ersa Scavenger are hot gas modules which are used to extract residual solder from the circuit board without contact. For this purpose, the board is kept at temperature after desoldering the component. A hot gas head moved manually or automatically over the board melts the solder and it is extracted by vacuum. The previously remaining unevenness is eliminated. After the residual solder has been extracted, the assembly should be cleaned of further residues such as flux.
Highlights/Options:
- Manual or automatic residual solder removal
- Non-contact suction
- Suitable nozzles for small and large components
- Process integrated in operating software of rework systems
- Residual solder modules can be retrofitted
Apply Solder Paste or Flux
To install a new component, fresh solder or flux (e.g. for ball grid arrays) is required. Since the packing density of electronic assemblies is very high, there is rarely space to print solder paste or flux onto the board. Dispensing processes are usually very time-consuming and manual application is too imprecise. Therefore, Ersa offers with the Dip&Print Station the possibility to prepare components with solder paste or flux in order to place and solder them safely afterwards.
Dip&Print: Rework fluxes are available as viscous media and can be processed similarly to solder pastes. With the Dip&Print station, templates with suitable cavities (recesses) can be used to dip the connections of the component to be installed (e.g. BGA) into a suitable flux deposit (dip-in). A defined volume is thus created at each connection. Flux or dip-capable solder pastes can be processed.
Alternatively, individually manufactured stencils are used to print a component with solder paste. The printed component is lifted out of the stencil and then placed. With this method, exact paste volumes can be applied, for example, to bottom terminated components (BTC). Floating of components is prevented, and optimum thermal bonding to the board is ensured.
Highlights/Optionen:
- Universal dip stencils
- Component-specific, high-precision printing stencils
- Easy handling, reproducible results
- Suitable for all Ersa Rework Systems
Place Component
The new target component is provided at the rework system and picked up with a vacuum pipette. The component is aligned with the solder connections on the board by means of an optical overlay. A user-guided or fully automatic process is used for this. When the component is precisely aligned, it is placed on the board and the soldering process can begin.
The user-guided placement process is based on a camera image in which the underside of the component and the board are recorded simultaneously. The beam splitter required for this is located in the vision box between the component and the board. This simultaneously provides the LED illumination. The user checks the superimposition of the two joining partners and aligns them to each other. He is optimally supported by the necessary magnifications and different display modes.
In the fully automated placement process, component connections and solder connections are recorded by two different cameras and the images are then superimposed using image processing algorithms. The movement coordinates are calculated from the optimum component position and the component is automatically placed on the board using a high-precision axis system.
Highlights/Options:
- User-guided or fully automatic part placement
- Camera-assisted part alignment
- Component spectrum from 01005 to 100 x 100 mm
- Axis systems with repeatability better than +/- 10 µm
Soldering & monitoring
As for desoldering, the same system components are used for soldering in the new component. Nevertheless, the processes differ: During soldering-in, the component initially does not have good thermal contact with the board and, in some cases, an adapted soldering-in profile is required. A reflow process camera (RPC) observes the soldering process and provides the user with valuable, additional information about the course of the process.
In addition to the high-resolution images, further sensors help to make the rework process even more stable and reproducible: During a soldering process, the current gradient of the solder curve and the condition of the top emitter are monitored. The user receives messages if a process deviates too much from the specifications. A non-contact sensor can be calibrated – currently on the HR 600 XL – with the process data of a thermocouple. After successful teach-in, all subsequent processes on the same component on identical boards can be controlled via this “virtual TC” sensor.
Highlights/Options:
- Separately parameterizable desoldering and soldering profiles
- Reflow process camera for process monitoring
- Monitoring of the heating elements
- Virtual TC for contactless process control
Document Processes
The HRSoft 2 operating software supports individual profile creation and documentation for each application. All temperature curves of up to eight thermocouples and one non-contact sensor as well as image information are stored. HRSoft 2 can communicate bidirectionally with a Manufacturing Execution System (MES) to provide full transparency of rework processes.
In addition to the database-based process documentation, HRSoft 2 offers its own user administration and extensive functions for process optimization as well as excellent user guidance. It also provides all important information on the status of the equipment and helps with service and support issues.
Highlights/Options:
- Profile templates for fast repair success from the first board onwards
- Separately adjustable soldering and desoldering profiles
- Profile curve can be changed “on the fly”
- HRSoft 2 as universal rework operating software with extensive functions
